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The recent influx of refugees from Syria, Afghanistan, the Arab world, and, more recently, Ukraine has intensified both policy and academic interest in refugee entrepreneurship across Europe. While refugee entrepreneurship is increasingly recognised as a potential pathway to labour market integration, the interaction between entrepreneurial ecosystems and the specific needs of refugee entrepreneurs remains underexplored. This study applies a participatory action research (PAR) approach to examine co-creation as a power mechanism within refugee entrepreneurship hubs, aiming to develop context-sensitive support infrastructures. The findings provide theoretical insights into co-creation as a participatory and transformative process, while offering practical guidance for designing inclusive, locally embedded support systems. The results underscore that effective support infrastructures must be tailored to the diverse ambitions, backgrounds, and needs of refugees and that their active involvement is critical to ensuring contextual relevance and legitimacy.

refugee entrepreneurship, regions, context-specifics, participatory action research, PAR, support hubs, entrepreneurial ecosystems